Enhancing Cognitive Fit: Exploring the Potential of Mixed Reality for Developing Mental Rotation Skills

Piri Z., Kaplan G., Çağıltay K.

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, vol.41, no.14, pp.8639-8654, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, SSCI, Scopus)

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 41 Issue: 14
  • Publication Date: 2025
  • Doi Number: 10.1080/10447318.2024.2413291
  • Journal Name: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, ABI/INFORM, Applied Science & Technology Source, Business Source Elite, Business Source Premier, Compendex, Computer & Applied Sciences, INSPEC, Library and Information Science Abstracts, Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts, Psycinfo
  • Page Numbers: pp.8639-8654
  • Keywords: augmented reality, cognitive ability training, Mental rotation ability, mixed reality, spatial ability
  • Open Archive Collection: Article
  • Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC) Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Mixed Reality is a promising venue for spatial ability training, allowing participants to engage in problem-solving through gesture-based interactions with holographic objects. 3-D measurement of learning in Mixed Reality environments may result in a better cognitive fit than 2-D. This mixed-method study measures and enhances mental rotation ability and investigates user experience in Mixed Reality. To assess mental rotation ability, we adapted the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test:Rotation for Microsoft HoloLens 2, creating a measurement tool for our Mixed Reality-based training program, Holomental. Comparing 2-D and 3-D tests, we explored how stimulus dimensionality influences accuracy and cognitive load. Our findings indicate that Holomental enhances mental rotation performance, both in 2-D and 3-D. Cognitive load in the 3-D test was lower than in the 2-D test. Semi-structured interviews revealed participants’ appreciation for the representational and interactional affordances of the training environment. This study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of 3-D spatial training, with implications and suggestions for future design considerations.